Bibliography
Works Cited
Primary Sources
Amar, Vikram David, and Alan Brownstein. “The Supreme Court Case of Snyder v. Phelps: Testing America’s Commitment to Protecting Even the Speech We Most Condemn.” FindLaw. FindLaw, 8 Oct. 2010. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. This article told us about how Skokie was a precedent for the Phelps v. Snyder case. Even though it wasn’t written at the time of the Skokie case, this is a primary source because it was written around the time of the Phelps v. Snyder case.
AP Images. Assoc. Press, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. This database was very useful because it had many images of events relating to the march and people involved in the Skokie case. We used some of the pictures on our website.
Belkin, Douglas. “Holocaust Survivors’ Protest Still Echoes in Illinois Suburb.” The Wall Street Journal 18 Apr. 2009, U.S. ed.: n. pag. Print. This article told us more about the Illinois Holocaust Museum & Education Center. It also told us about how the Holocaust survivors were influenced by the Skokie case. This source can be classified as a primary source because this was written close to the time of the opening of the Illinois Holocaust Museum. The article, which we read to find out the consequences of the Nazis trying to march, was focused on the museum instead of the case.
Chicago Nazi Headquarters. N.d. Chicago Now. Chicago Tribune, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This picture shows Rockwell Hall. We used this picture to make our page on the legal stuff more interesting.
Chief Justice Charles Evan Hughes. N.d. Webshots. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2011. We used this photograph on our First Amendment page, since we have a quote from the Chief Justice on the page.
Collin, Frank. Message to Skokie Park District. 4 Oct. 1976. . This is a copy of the actual letter that Frank Collin sent to Skokie Park District on October 4, 1976 requesting a permit to march. We used this on our website by linking to it.
Draeger, Harlan. “Rabbi vows to stop Nazi march.” Chicago Sun-Times 8 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article talks about both Rabbi Meir Kahane’s vow to keep the Nazis off the streets and legal ways to keep them from marching. We used this article on the “For Right to Live in Peace” page.
Dubey, Diane. “Appeals Court Ruling on Nazi March Soon.” Chicago Sun-Times 20 Apr. 1978: n. pag. Print. This article explained that no matter who won the case in the Court of Appeals, the losing party would appeal further. We quoted a part this article in our timeline.
- - -. “As Nazi Demonstration Approaches March Hinges on Marquette Deal.” The Skokie Life 15 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article goes into the Nazis winning their right to march and explains the bills that the house was trying to pass. We quoted this article in our timeline.
- - -. “Membership Woes Hurt ACLU While Others Gain.” The Skokie Life 28 May 1978: n. pag. Print. This article explains how the ACLU lost many of its members while the JDL gained many. It also has a bit on why the Chicago and California JDL chapters split from the national JDL.
- - -. “Nazi Advance on Skokie Stirs Emotion, Memories.” The Skokie Life 9 June 1977: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. This newspaper describes the steps Skokie took to keep out the Nazis and how the Nazis tried to find other ways to march in Skokie. It also quotes a few people who were against the proposed Nazi march.
- - -. “Participants Voice Mixed Reactions: Did Skokie Win Nazi Struggle.” The Skokie Life 19 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article explains why the Skokie residents argued over whether or not the Skokie case was a success. The NSPA had won in court, but the Skokie residents had succeeded in keeping them out of their village.
Eckstein, Yechiel. “Holocaust Could Occur Again-Possibly in U.S.” The Chicago Sun-Times 5 Sept. 1978: n. pag. Print. The author of this article questions if the Holocaust could happen again. He goes into how, at the time this article was written, people had started to ask themselves if they had learned from the Holocaust and if it could happen again.
“First Amendment Blues.” Time Magazine 15 Aug. 1977: 40. Print. This article was helpful to our research because it discusses the First Amendment and the rights of free speech. It also discussed the racial and ethnic tensions in Marquette park.
Fisher, Dennis D. “Holocaust Survivor Hits Nazis’ Skokie Plea.” Chicago Sun Times 3 Dec. 1977: n. pag. Print. This article is about what Sol Goldstien, a Holocaust survivor opposing the march, testified in court about the hateful things the Nazis did during the Holocaust, and how the march was an assault on the survivors.
Fisher, Dennis D, “Nazi Unit Wins Go-Ahead; Skokie March Bans Voided.” Chicago Sun-Times 24 Jan. 1978: n. pag. Print. This paper explains Judge Decker’s decision on the Skokie case. We used the article for our timeline.
Fisher, Dennis D. “Nazi Unit Wins Go-Ahead; Skokie March Bans Voided.” Sun-Times Co. 24 Feb. 1978: n. pag. Illinois Database Archives. Web. 16 May 2011. This article is about the validity of the ordinances and the Federal Court’s decision on the Skokie case. We used this article on our timeline.
Footlick, Jerrold K., Chris Harper, and Lea Donosky. “Nazis and the ACLU.” Newsweek 30 Jan. 1978: 54-55. Print. The main focus of this news article is the ACLU. It talked about its purpose, its leaders, and the debate about the Nazis and the ACLU. We mostly looked at this to get more information and a better understanding of what exactly happened.
Franker, Susan, and Richard Manning. “Skokie and the Nazis.” Newsweek 3 July 1978: 31. Print. This article explains how the residents of downtown Chicago reacted to a small warm-up rally and why, before that, Collin tried to march in Skokie. It also explains why the court let him march. We also looked at this to find out more information and the basics of what happened.
Goldberger, David. Telephone interview. 23 Mar. 2011. The interview we did with David Goldberger gave us several great quotes and helped us gain a better understanding of the diplomacy in the Skokie case. It also helped us understand the importance of the First Amendment..
Hadroid. ACLU on Skokie 1. YouTube. YouTube, 14 June 2007. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. This video was useful because it gave us a better explanation of why the ACLU defended the NSPA. We also copied part of it to our website.
- - -. Skokie, Skokie. YouTube. YouTube, 1 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. This video is of Rabbi Meir Kahane’s speech in Skokie about the Nazis marching. It helped us understand the JDL’s motivation to stop the march. We used a clip on our website.
Haiman, Franklyn S. “Mikva’s Wrong on Nazi March.” Chicago Sun Times 31 Mar. 1978: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. The author of this article explains the reason the Nazis need to be protected, but says he also understands why others are motivated to cancel the march. This article further explained the reasons the Nazis must be allowed to march.
Hamlin, David. The Nazi/Skokie Conflict: A Civil Liberties Battle. Boston: Beacon, 1980. Print. This book taught us about politics in Chicago and how the city kept Collin and his party of Nazis off of their streets. It also describes David Hamlin’s feelings about Frank Collin. This book is listed as a primary source because it was written by an ACLU member who was there at the time.
“The High Cost of Free Speech.” Times 26 June 1978: 63. Print. This article explains free speech and the consequences that come with it. It tells you about the ACLU defending the right of free speech for Frank Collin. It also tells about a few of the members of the ACLU. It helped us understand why the ACLU defended the NSPA.
Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center A June 27 2009 003. 27 June 2009. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This is a great picture of the Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center. We used this picture on our “Consequences” page.
Matzer, John. “Your application for a public assembly permit.” Message to Frank Collin. 24 June 1977. . This letter was sent to Frank Collin to notify him that he could not march in Skokie. It was useful because, not only was it the actual letter, but it also had a copy of the ordinances attached. We got it from the Skokie Digital Archives.
A. Mitchell Palmer. 10 Apr. 1920. Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2011. We used this picture of the Palmer Raids on our First Amendment page.
“Nazis Win Court Fight.” Lerner Communications, Inc. 21 Jan. 1978: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 16 May 2011. This article explains that the neo-Nazis had won their right to demonstrate wearing their uniforms, but had to wait for the ordinances to be cleared before they could demonstrate.
Neier, Aryeh. Defending My Enemy. N.p.: Aryeh Neier, 1979. Print. This book was written by one of the members of the ACLU during the time period of the Skokie march. It gave us useful information on Frank Collin and the NSPA.
“No Injunction for Nazis on Skokie Laws.” Lerner Communications, Inc. 27 Oct. 1977: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 17 May 2011. This article is about Judge Bernard Decker denying an injunction. We used it on our timeline.
NSPA. “We Are Coming!” NSPA flyer Oct. 1976: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 16 May 2011. This is a photocopy of one of the flyers distributed in northern Chicago suburbs, including Skokie, by the NSPA. We created a link to it next to our timeline.
Radicals Awaiting Deportation. 3 Jan. 1920. Corbis Images for Education Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2011. This picture showed some of the many people awaiting deportation only because they had a minority view. We used this photograph of the Palmer Raids on our First Amendment page.
Reich, Howard. “The Life and Times of Skokie.” Moment Magazine. The Center for Creative Change, May 2010. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. This article gave a before-and-after on Skokie and had several great quotes. It also explained how the Holocaust survivors felt about the Nazis marching in Skokie. We used several of the quotes on our website. We labeled this as a primary source because, even though the author didn’t think about the Skokie case very much while it was happening, he lived in Skokie at the time and, in the paper, noted his parents’ reaction to the Skokie case.
Simon, Roger. “Did Press Add Fuel to the Nazi Furor?” Sun-Times 13 July 1978: n. pag. Print. This paper questions on whether or not the press should have covered the Skokie case so well, since what Frank Collin wanted was publicity. In an interview with David Goldberger, Goldberger criticizes the press for mostly ignoring the constitutional argument and instead mostly covering “Who was going to get hit” and “Where people were buying helmets.” This gave us a better understanding of the media coverage of the NSPA.
- - -. “His Stand for Right Not Sitting Well.” Chicago Sun-Times 14 Aug. 1977: n. pag. Print. This article is about how David Goldberger has been affected by defending the rights of the Nazis. We used this on our “For Right to Free Speech” page.
- - -. “JDL Has Day in the Skokie Sun.” Chicago Sun-Times 5 July 1977: n. pag. Print. This newspaper explains the Jewish Defense League’s position on the Skokie march and their motivation to stop it. We used a quote from Rabbi Meir Kahane on our website.
- - -. “Nazis’ Defender Still Feels the Pain.” The Chicago Sun-Times 12 Nov. 1982: n. pag. Print. This article is about David Goldberger, and how defending the Nazis in court has affected him later in life. Many people still hate him because of what he did. We listed this as a primary source because both David Goldberger and the author were there at the time of the Skokie case.
Skokie: Memories of a March. JBN, 2002. Skokie Public Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. This documentary had many great quotes from those involved in the Skokie march. It helped us realize why the Skokie residents were so upset about the Nazis marching in Skokie.
Skokie. Skokie Village Board. Skokie, [1977]. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 16 May 2011.
These are photocopies of the actual Skokie ordinances. We created a link to them on our timeline.
“Skokie Spared.” Times 3 July 1978: 18. Print. This article is mostly about moving the march to Marquette Park on July 9. It also explains the problems with the insurance bonds in both Chicago and Skokie, and that some organizations (including the NSPA) may not be able to provide $60,000 for damage.
Skokie Village Hall. N.d. Chicago Now. Chicago Tribune, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This picture gave us a mental image of the Skokie Village Hall. We used it to jazz up our page on the legal cases and bills.
Theiler, Mike. Nazi Leader Frank Collin Making Announcement. 22 June 1978. Corbis Images. Corbis, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. We used this photograph on our “Consequences” page. It shows just how much publicity the NSPA got during the Skokie case.
Van Dusen, George. Telephone interview. 24 Mar. 2011. This interview gave us a better understanding about Skokie and the effects the case had, not only on the village, but also on the State of Illinois, the Holocaust survivors, and Holocaust education.
Warrick, Pamela. “Nazi March May Be Called Off: U.S. Official.” Chicago Sun-Times 9 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article told us more about the possible cancellation of the proposed Nazi march in Skokie. We put a copy of it on our website.
Wisby, Gary. “Halt Skokie-bound Nazis on Edens.” Chicago Sun-Times 1 May 1977: n. pag. Print. This article is about the Nazis being stopped from marching at the Skokie Village Hall. They had tried to march despite a court ban, but had been turned back by the police.
Secondary Sources
ACLU. American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2010. This website told us a lot about the ACLU and gave a short summary of what happened in Skokie. We found out that, while lots of people quit the ACLU because of their stand with the NSPA, many people consider the Skokie case one of the ACLU’s finest hours. It is a secondary source because, when it explains the Skokie case, you can tell that it was written long after, and more than likely not written by an actual witness to the court cases.
Bertran-Harris, Jon, and Daniel Ketchell. “Skokie: For All or for None.” Overview.htm. U.C. Santa Barbara, 31 Aug. 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2010. The main focus of this website is the conflict between the right of free speech and the right to live without fear. Also, this website provided many links to other sources.
Burney, Michael, Stephanie Fajuri, and Adam Savin. “National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie.” Kentlaw.edu. Chicago-Kent Coll. of Law, n.d. Web. 12 May 2011. This source basically gives a long, detailed summary of the Skokie case. We quoted several parts of it.
Burney, Mike, Stephanie Fajuri, and Adam Savin. National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie. www.kentlaw.edu. IIT Chicago-Kent Coll. of Law, 6 Nov. 2008. Web. 12 May 2011. This PowerPoint had great information on the four cases and the bills that were introduced in the Illinois house.
“Events Related to the Proposed Nazi March in Skokie.” Skokie Historical Society. Skokie Public Lib., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2011. This website was helpful to us because the whole page is just a giant, detailed timeline of dates relating to the Skokie march. We checked our own timeline's dates against theirs. It also helped us understand the many court cases, injunctions and appeals.
Gibson, James L., and Richard D. Bingham. Civil Liberties and Nazis: The Skokie Free-Speech Controversy. New York: Praeger, 1985. Print. We learned in this book that before World War II, the residents of Skokie were almost entirely non-Jewish. Most of its settlers were German and many residents supported Nazi Germany.
Gurowitz, Ed. “The First Amendment and Hate Speech.” Huffingtonpost.com. The Huffington Post, 18 Oct. 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. Even though the topic of this article is not about the Nazis marching in Skokie, it is very useful because it says a lot about hate speech. It talks about defending the rights of people that you hate.
“Keeping the Memory Alive.” Keeping the Memory Alive. The Savvy Traveler. WBEZ, Chicago, Apr. 2000. Savvy Traveler. Web. Transcript. 4 Dec. 2010. This transcript of a radio broadcast was very useful because it had quotes from many of the people involved in the Skokie case. It involved quotes from Frank Collins, Harvey Schwartz, two Holocaust survivors, and a police officer from the time of the march. We used many of the quotes on our website.
Leinward, Gerald. Freedom of Speech: American Issues. New York: Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, 1990. Print. This book had great information and a couple of good quotes. It explained both how one person’s freedoms ends where another’s begins and what exactly the First Amendment protects.
Lewis, Anthony. Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment. New York: Basic, 2007. Print. This book told us more about the First Amendment and how it is interpreted. We also found out that the First Amendment wasn’t enforced for many years.
Liptak, Adam. “Unlike Others, U.S. Defends Freedom to Offend in Speech.” The New York Times. New York Times, 12 June 2008. Web. 29 Sept. 2010. This newspaper article showed us how different the United States is from other countries with rights to free speech. While in other countries it is unlawful to say deeply offensive words about other people, we take it for granted in the U.S.
Lively, Donald E. Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Westport: Greenwood, 1999. Print. From this book, we learned about judicial review. It helped us understand the outcome of the court cases in Skokie.
McManus, Ed. “Nazi March.” Illinois Periodicals Online at Northern Illinois University. Illinois State Library, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. This was helpful to our research because it had a timeline that showed different events involving the Skokie case and gave some good information on what happened.
“New Holocaust Museum to Open in Skokie, Illinois.” Haaretz.com. Haaretz, 18 Apr. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article is helpful with what’s happening years after the court case and tells a bit about the Jewish population of Skokie. It also talks about some Holocaust survivors.
Pizzolato, Joey. “The Nazis in Skokie: When the Enemy Comes to Your Front Lawn.” AREAChicago.org. AREA Chicago, n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2010. This article described the basic outline of the Skokie case. It explained the debate in an easy-to-understand way.
Rice Jr., Earle. The Holocaust Library: The Final Solution. San Diego: Lucent, 1998. Print. We learned more about what happened during the Holocaust. This helped us understand what the survivors in Skokie went through and why they were so upset by the proposed Nazi march.
Schwartz, John. “Name That Freedom.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 23 Oct. 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article reminds people about how little they know about the documents that protect their rights. It also explains the meaning of the First Amendment.
Stone, Geoffrey R. “Remembering the Nazis in Skokie.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This article gives information on the Illinois Holocaust Museum and has a summary of the attempted demonstration from a 30-years-afterward perspective. This is a secondary source because it is from a years-later perspective.
Strum, Philippa. When the Nazis Came to Skokie. Lawrence: U.P. of Kansas, 1999. Print. This book gives a detailed explanation of the court case, both sides of the debate, and their motives. It was also tells how upset most of the Jews were at the idea of Nazis invading Skokie, and how seeing a swastika sign was an emotional assault on them.
Szczepaniak, Jim. “Collin vs. Skokie: A Classic Case of Protection of ‘Repulsive’ Beliefs.” Pioneer Press Newspapers 17 Sept. 1987: n. pag. Print. This newspaper had lots of good quotes from David Goldberger and Harvey Schwartz, several of which we used on our website.
Tomdagoy. Frank Collin (Jewish, Nazi). YouTube. YouTube, 28 Sept. 2008. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. This video was useful because it showed us both the survivors’ and ACLU’s opinions on the case and gave us some more facts. We used part of the video on our website.
Primary Sources
Amar, Vikram David, and Alan Brownstein. “The Supreme Court Case of Snyder v. Phelps: Testing America’s Commitment to Protecting Even the Speech We Most Condemn.” FindLaw. FindLaw, 8 Oct. 2010. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. This article told us about how Skokie was a precedent for the Phelps v. Snyder case. Even though it wasn’t written at the time of the Skokie case, this is a primary source because it was written around the time of the Phelps v. Snyder case.
AP Images. Assoc. Press, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. This database was very useful because it had many images of events relating to the march and people involved in the Skokie case. We used some of the pictures on our website.
Belkin, Douglas. “Holocaust Survivors’ Protest Still Echoes in Illinois Suburb.” The Wall Street Journal 18 Apr. 2009, U.S. ed.: n. pag. Print. This article told us more about the Illinois Holocaust Museum & Education Center. It also told us about how the Holocaust survivors were influenced by the Skokie case. This source can be classified as a primary source because this was written close to the time of the opening of the Illinois Holocaust Museum. The article, which we read to find out the consequences of the Nazis trying to march, was focused on the museum instead of the case.
Chicago Nazi Headquarters. N.d. Chicago Now. Chicago Tribune, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This picture shows Rockwell Hall. We used this picture to make our page on the legal stuff more interesting.
Chief Justice Charles Evan Hughes. N.d. Webshots. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2011. We used this photograph on our First Amendment page, since we have a quote from the Chief Justice on the page.
Collin, Frank. Message to Skokie Park District. 4 Oct. 1976. . This is a copy of the actual letter that Frank Collin sent to Skokie Park District on October 4, 1976 requesting a permit to march. We used this on our website by linking to it.
Draeger, Harlan. “Rabbi vows to stop Nazi march.” Chicago Sun-Times 8 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article talks about both Rabbi Meir Kahane’s vow to keep the Nazis off the streets and legal ways to keep them from marching. We used this article on the “For Right to Live in Peace” page.
Dubey, Diane. “Appeals Court Ruling on Nazi March Soon.” Chicago Sun-Times 20 Apr. 1978: n. pag. Print. This article explained that no matter who won the case in the Court of Appeals, the losing party would appeal further. We quoted a part this article in our timeline.
- - -. “As Nazi Demonstration Approaches March Hinges on Marquette Deal.” The Skokie Life 15 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article goes into the Nazis winning their right to march and explains the bills that the house was trying to pass. We quoted this article in our timeline.
- - -. “Membership Woes Hurt ACLU While Others Gain.” The Skokie Life 28 May 1978: n. pag. Print. This article explains how the ACLU lost many of its members while the JDL gained many. It also has a bit on why the Chicago and California JDL chapters split from the national JDL.
- - -. “Nazi Advance on Skokie Stirs Emotion, Memories.” The Skokie Life 9 June 1977: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. This newspaper describes the steps Skokie took to keep out the Nazis and how the Nazis tried to find other ways to march in Skokie. It also quotes a few people who were against the proposed Nazi march.
- - -. “Participants Voice Mixed Reactions: Did Skokie Win Nazi Struggle.” The Skokie Life 19 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article explains why the Skokie residents argued over whether or not the Skokie case was a success. The NSPA had won in court, but the Skokie residents had succeeded in keeping them out of their village.
Eckstein, Yechiel. “Holocaust Could Occur Again-Possibly in U.S.” The Chicago Sun-Times 5 Sept. 1978: n. pag. Print. The author of this article questions if the Holocaust could happen again. He goes into how, at the time this article was written, people had started to ask themselves if they had learned from the Holocaust and if it could happen again.
“First Amendment Blues.” Time Magazine 15 Aug. 1977: 40. Print. This article was helpful to our research because it discusses the First Amendment and the rights of free speech. It also discussed the racial and ethnic tensions in Marquette park.
Fisher, Dennis D. “Holocaust Survivor Hits Nazis’ Skokie Plea.” Chicago Sun Times 3 Dec. 1977: n. pag. Print. This article is about what Sol Goldstien, a Holocaust survivor opposing the march, testified in court about the hateful things the Nazis did during the Holocaust, and how the march was an assault on the survivors.
Fisher, Dennis D, “Nazi Unit Wins Go-Ahead; Skokie March Bans Voided.” Chicago Sun-Times 24 Jan. 1978: n. pag. Print. This paper explains Judge Decker’s decision on the Skokie case. We used the article for our timeline.
Fisher, Dennis D. “Nazi Unit Wins Go-Ahead; Skokie March Bans Voided.” Sun-Times Co. 24 Feb. 1978: n. pag. Illinois Database Archives. Web. 16 May 2011. This article is about the validity of the ordinances and the Federal Court’s decision on the Skokie case. We used this article on our timeline.
Footlick, Jerrold K., Chris Harper, and Lea Donosky. “Nazis and the ACLU.” Newsweek 30 Jan. 1978: 54-55. Print. The main focus of this news article is the ACLU. It talked about its purpose, its leaders, and the debate about the Nazis and the ACLU. We mostly looked at this to get more information and a better understanding of what exactly happened.
Franker, Susan, and Richard Manning. “Skokie and the Nazis.” Newsweek 3 July 1978: 31. Print. This article explains how the residents of downtown Chicago reacted to a small warm-up rally and why, before that, Collin tried to march in Skokie. It also explains why the court let him march. We also looked at this to find out more information and the basics of what happened.
Goldberger, David. Telephone interview. 23 Mar. 2011. The interview we did with David Goldberger gave us several great quotes and helped us gain a better understanding of the diplomacy in the Skokie case. It also helped us understand the importance of the First Amendment..
Hadroid. ACLU on Skokie 1. YouTube. YouTube, 14 June 2007. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. This video was useful because it gave us a better explanation of why the ACLU defended the NSPA. We also copied part of it to our website.
- - -. Skokie, Skokie. YouTube. YouTube, 1 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. This video is of Rabbi Meir Kahane’s speech in Skokie about the Nazis marching. It helped us understand the JDL’s motivation to stop the march. We used a clip on our website.
Haiman, Franklyn S. “Mikva’s Wrong on Nazi March.” Chicago Sun Times 31 Mar. 1978: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. The author of this article explains the reason the Nazis need to be protected, but says he also understands why others are motivated to cancel the march. This article further explained the reasons the Nazis must be allowed to march.
Hamlin, David. The Nazi/Skokie Conflict: A Civil Liberties Battle. Boston: Beacon, 1980. Print. This book taught us about politics in Chicago and how the city kept Collin and his party of Nazis off of their streets. It also describes David Hamlin’s feelings about Frank Collin. This book is listed as a primary source because it was written by an ACLU member who was there at the time.
“The High Cost of Free Speech.” Times 26 June 1978: 63. Print. This article explains free speech and the consequences that come with it. It tells you about the ACLU defending the right of free speech for Frank Collin. It also tells about a few of the members of the ACLU. It helped us understand why the ACLU defended the NSPA.
Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center A June 27 2009 003. 27 June 2009. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This is a great picture of the Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center. We used this picture on our “Consequences” page.
Matzer, John. “Your application for a public assembly permit.” Message to Frank Collin. 24 June 1977. . This letter was sent to Frank Collin to notify him that he could not march in Skokie. It was useful because, not only was it the actual letter, but it also had a copy of the ordinances attached. We got it from the Skokie Digital Archives.
A. Mitchell Palmer. 10 Apr. 1920. Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2011. We used this picture of the Palmer Raids on our First Amendment page.
“Nazis Win Court Fight.” Lerner Communications, Inc. 21 Jan. 1978: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 16 May 2011. This article explains that the neo-Nazis had won their right to demonstrate wearing their uniforms, but had to wait for the ordinances to be cleared before they could demonstrate.
Neier, Aryeh. Defending My Enemy. N.p.: Aryeh Neier, 1979. Print. This book was written by one of the members of the ACLU during the time period of the Skokie march. It gave us useful information on Frank Collin and the NSPA.
“No Injunction for Nazis on Skokie Laws.” Lerner Communications, Inc. 27 Oct. 1977: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 17 May 2011. This article is about Judge Bernard Decker denying an injunction. We used it on our timeline.
NSPA. “We Are Coming!” NSPA flyer Oct. 1976: n. pag. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 16 May 2011. This is a photocopy of one of the flyers distributed in northern Chicago suburbs, including Skokie, by the NSPA. We created a link to it next to our timeline.
Radicals Awaiting Deportation. 3 Jan. 1920. Corbis Images for Education Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2011. This picture showed some of the many people awaiting deportation only because they had a minority view. We used this photograph of the Palmer Raids on our First Amendment page.
Reich, Howard. “The Life and Times of Skokie.” Moment Magazine. The Center for Creative Change, May 2010. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. This article gave a before-and-after on Skokie and had several great quotes. It also explained how the Holocaust survivors felt about the Nazis marching in Skokie. We used several of the quotes on our website. We labeled this as a primary source because, even though the author didn’t think about the Skokie case very much while it was happening, he lived in Skokie at the time and, in the paper, noted his parents’ reaction to the Skokie case.
Simon, Roger. “Did Press Add Fuel to the Nazi Furor?” Sun-Times 13 July 1978: n. pag. Print. This paper questions on whether or not the press should have covered the Skokie case so well, since what Frank Collin wanted was publicity. In an interview with David Goldberger, Goldberger criticizes the press for mostly ignoring the constitutional argument and instead mostly covering “Who was going to get hit” and “Where people were buying helmets.” This gave us a better understanding of the media coverage of the NSPA.
- - -. “His Stand for Right Not Sitting Well.” Chicago Sun-Times 14 Aug. 1977: n. pag. Print. This article is about how David Goldberger has been affected by defending the rights of the Nazis. We used this on our “For Right to Free Speech” page.
- - -. “JDL Has Day in the Skokie Sun.” Chicago Sun-Times 5 July 1977: n. pag. Print. This newspaper explains the Jewish Defense League’s position on the Skokie march and their motivation to stop it. We used a quote from Rabbi Meir Kahane on our website.
- - -. “Nazis’ Defender Still Feels the Pain.” The Chicago Sun-Times 12 Nov. 1982: n. pag. Print. This article is about David Goldberger, and how defending the Nazis in court has affected him later in life. Many people still hate him because of what he did. We listed this as a primary source because both David Goldberger and the author were there at the time of the Skokie case.
Skokie: Memories of a March. JBN, 2002. Skokie Public Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. This documentary had many great quotes from those involved in the Skokie march. It helped us realize why the Skokie residents were so upset about the Nazis marching in Skokie.
Skokie. Skokie Village Board. Skokie, [1977]. Illinois Digital Archives. Web. 16 May 2011.
These are photocopies of the actual Skokie ordinances. We created a link to them on our timeline.
“Skokie Spared.” Times 3 July 1978: 18. Print. This article is mostly about moving the march to Marquette Park on July 9. It also explains the problems with the insurance bonds in both Chicago and Skokie, and that some organizations (including the NSPA) may not be able to provide $60,000 for damage.
Skokie Village Hall. N.d. Chicago Now. Chicago Tribune, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This picture gave us a mental image of the Skokie Village Hall. We used it to jazz up our page on the legal cases and bills.
Theiler, Mike. Nazi Leader Frank Collin Making Announcement. 22 June 1978. Corbis Images. Corbis, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. We used this photograph on our “Consequences” page. It shows just how much publicity the NSPA got during the Skokie case.
Van Dusen, George. Telephone interview. 24 Mar. 2011. This interview gave us a better understanding about Skokie and the effects the case had, not only on the village, but also on the State of Illinois, the Holocaust survivors, and Holocaust education.
Warrick, Pamela. “Nazi March May Be Called Off: U.S. Official.” Chicago Sun-Times 9 June 1978: n. pag. Print. This article told us more about the possible cancellation of the proposed Nazi march in Skokie. We put a copy of it on our website.
Wisby, Gary. “Halt Skokie-bound Nazis on Edens.” Chicago Sun-Times 1 May 1977: n. pag. Print. This article is about the Nazis being stopped from marching at the Skokie Village Hall. They had tried to march despite a court ban, but had been turned back by the police.
Secondary Sources
ACLU. American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2010. This website told us a lot about the ACLU and gave a short summary of what happened in Skokie. We found out that, while lots of people quit the ACLU because of their stand with the NSPA, many people consider the Skokie case one of the ACLU’s finest hours. It is a secondary source because, when it explains the Skokie case, you can tell that it was written long after, and more than likely not written by an actual witness to the court cases.
Bertran-Harris, Jon, and Daniel Ketchell. “Skokie: For All or for None.” Overview.htm. U.C. Santa Barbara, 31 Aug. 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2010. The main focus of this website is the conflict between the right of free speech and the right to live without fear. Also, this website provided many links to other sources.
Burney, Michael, Stephanie Fajuri, and Adam Savin. “National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie.” Kentlaw.edu. Chicago-Kent Coll. of Law, n.d. Web. 12 May 2011. This source basically gives a long, detailed summary of the Skokie case. We quoted several parts of it.
Burney, Mike, Stephanie Fajuri, and Adam Savin. National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie. www.kentlaw.edu. IIT Chicago-Kent Coll. of Law, 6 Nov. 2008. Web. 12 May 2011. This PowerPoint had great information on the four cases and the bills that were introduced in the Illinois house.
“Events Related to the Proposed Nazi March in Skokie.” Skokie Historical Society. Skokie Public Lib., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2011. This website was helpful to us because the whole page is just a giant, detailed timeline of dates relating to the Skokie march. We checked our own timeline's dates against theirs. It also helped us understand the many court cases, injunctions and appeals.
Gibson, James L., and Richard D. Bingham. Civil Liberties and Nazis: The Skokie Free-Speech Controversy. New York: Praeger, 1985. Print. We learned in this book that before World War II, the residents of Skokie were almost entirely non-Jewish. Most of its settlers were German and many residents supported Nazi Germany.
Gurowitz, Ed. “The First Amendment and Hate Speech.” Huffingtonpost.com. The Huffington Post, 18 Oct. 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. Even though the topic of this article is not about the Nazis marching in Skokie, it is very useful because it says a lot about hate speech. It talks about defending the rights of people that you hate.
“Keeping the Memory Alive.” Keeping the Memory Alive. The Savvy Traveler. WBEZ, Chicago, Apr. 2000. Savvy Traveler. Web. Transcript. 4 Dec. 2010. This transcript of a radio broadcast was very useful because it had quotes from many of the people involved in the Skokie case. It involved quotes from Frank Collins, Harvey Schwartz, two Holocaust survivors, and a police officer from the time of the march. We used many of the quotes on our website.
Leinward, Gerald. Freedom of Speech: American Issues. New York: Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, 1990. Print. This book had great information and a couple of good quotes. It explained both how one person’s freedoms ends where another’s begins and what exactly the First Amendment protects.
Lewis, Anthony. Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment. New York: Basic, 2007. Print. This book told us more about the First Amendment and how it is interpreted. We also found out that the First Amendment wasn’t enforced for many years.
Liptak, Adam. “Unlike Others, U.S. Defends Freedom to Offend in Speech.” The New York Times. New York Times, 12 June 2008. Web. 29 Sept. 2010. This newspaper article showed us how different the United States is from other countries with rights to free speech. While in other countries it is unlawful to say deeply offensive words about other people, we take it for granted in the U.S.
Lively, Donald E. Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Westport: Greenwood, 1999. Print. From this book, we learned about judicial review. It helped us understand the outcome of the court cases in Skokie.
McManus, Ed. “Nazi March.” Illinois Periodicals Online at Northern Illinois University. Illinois State Library, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. This was helpful to our research because it had a timeline that showed different events involving the Skokie case and gave some good information on what happened.
“New Holocaust Museum to Open in Skokie, Illinois.” Haaretz.com. Haaretz, 18 Apr. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article is helpful with what’s happening years after the court case and tells a bit about the Jewish population of Skokie. It also talks about some Holocaust survivors.
Pizzolato, Joey. “The Nazis in Skokie: When the Enemy Comes to Your Front Lawn.” AREAChicago.org. AREA Chicago, n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2010. This article described the basic outline of the Skokie case. It explained the debate in an easy-to-understand way.
Rice Jr., Earle. The Holocaust Library: The Final Solution. San Diego: Lucent, 1998. Print. We learned more about what happened during the Holocaust. This helped us understand what the survivors in Skokie went through and why they were so upset by the proposed Nazi march.
Schwartz, John. “Name That Freedom.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 23 Oct. 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article reminds people about how little they know about the documents that protect their rights. It also explains the meaning of the First Amendment.
Stone, Geoffrey R. “Remembering the Nazis in Skokie.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. This article gives information on the Illinois Holocaust Museum and has a summary of the attempted demonstration from a 30-years-afterward perspective. This is a secondary source because it is from a years-later perspective.
Strum, Philippa. When the Nazis Came to Skokie. Lawrence: U.P. of Kansas, 1999. Print. This book gives a detailed explanation of the court case, both sides of the debate, and their motives. It was also tells how upset most of the Jews were at the idea of Nazis invading Skokie, and how seeing a swastika sign was an emotional assault on them.
Szczepaniak, Jim. “Collin vs. Skokie: A Classic Case of Protection of ‘Repulsive’ Beliefs.” Pioneer Press Newspapers 17 Sept. 1987: n. pag. Print. This newspaper had lots of good quotes from David Goldberger and Harvey Schwartz, several of which we used on our website.
Tomdagoy. Frank Collin (Jewish, Nazi). YouTube. YouTube, 28 Sept. 2008. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. This video was useful because it showed us both the survivors’ and ACLU’s opinions on the case and gave us some more facts. We used part of the video on our website.